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Conservation and Restoration in Archaeology

Permanent Link: http://ncf.sobek.ufl.edu/NCFE004218/00001

Material Information

Title: Conservation and Restoration in Archaeology Practical Complexities in the Implementation of International Agreements
Physical Description: Book
Language: English
Creator: Boynton, Alana
Publisher: New College of Florida
Place of Publication: Sarasota, Fla.
Creation Date: 2010
Publication Date: 2010

Subjects

Subjects / Keywords: Conservation
Restoration
International Charters
Genre: bibliography   ( marcgt )
theses   ( marcgt )
government publication (state, provincial, terriorial, dependent)   ( marcgt )
born-digital   ( sobekcm )
Electronic Thesis or Dissertation

Notes

Abstract: A growing concern for the preservation of an expanding definition of heritage has led to the adoption and revision of numerous international charters, such as the Athens Charter (1931) and the Venice Charter (1964), which outline guiding principles for the conservation and restoration of archaeological and historic sites. My thesis will trace the origin of these charters, and explain their evolution into the 21st century by examining the historical context in which they were created. Using the sites of Zaculeu, Tikal, and Naj� Tunich in Guatemala as case studies, I will analyze and evaluate the social, political, ethical, and practical complexities that result from the proposed and adopted principles when they are taken out of the world of theory and applied to concrete examples.
Statement of Responsibility: by Alana Boynton
Thesis: Thesis (B.A.) -- New College of Florida, 2010
Electronic Access: RESTRICTED TO NCF STUDENTS, STAFF, FACULTY, AND ON-CAMPUS USE
Bibliography: Includes bibliographical references.
Source of Description: This bibliographic record is available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. The New College of Florida, as creator of this bibliographic record, has waived all rights to it worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law.
Local: Faculty Sponsor: Andrews, Anthony

Record Information

Source Institution: New College of Florida
Holding Location: New College of Florida
Rights Management: Applicable rights reserved.
Classification: local - S.T. 2010 B78
System ID: NCFE004218:00001

Permanent Link: http://ncf.sobek.ufl.edu/NCFE004218/00001

Material Information

Title: Conservation and Restoration in Archaeology Practical Complexities in the Implementation of International Agreements
Physical Description: Book
Language: English
Creator: Boynton, Alana
Publisher: New College of Florida
Place of Publication: Sarasota, Fla.
Creation Date: 2010
Publication Date: 2010

Subjects

Subjects / Keywords: Conservation
Restoration
International Charters
Genre: bibliography   ( marcgt )
theses   ( marcgt )
government publication (state, provincial, terriorial, dependent)   ( marcgt )
born-digital   ( sobekcm )
Electronic Thesis or Dissertation

Notes

Abstract: A growing concern for the preservation of an expanding definition of heritage has led to the adoption and revision of numerous international charters, such as the Athens Charter (1931) and the Venice Charter (1964), which outline guiding principles for the conservation and restoration of archaeological and historic sites. My thesis will trace the origin of these charters, and explain their evolution into the 21st century by examining the historical context in which they were created. Using the sites of Zaculeu, Tikal, and Naj� Tunich in Guatemala as case studies, I will analyze and evaluate the social, political, ethical, and practical complexities that result from the proposed and adopted principles when they are taken out of the world of theory and applied to concrete examples.
Statement of Responsibility: by Alana Boynton
Thesis: Thesis (B.A.) -- New College of Florida, 2010
Electronic Access: RESTRICTED TO NCF STUDENTS, STAFF, FACULTY, AND ON-CAMPUS USE
Bibliography: Includes bibliographical references.
Source of Description: This bibliographic record is available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. The New College of Florida, as creator of this bibliographic record, has waived all rights to it worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law.
Local: Faculty Sponsor: Andrews, Anthony

Record Information

Source Institution: New College of Florida
Holding Location: New College of Florida
Rights Management: Applicable rights reserved.
Classification: local - S.T. 2010 B78
System ID: NCFE004218:00001


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! /" TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICAT ION .. ii PREFAC E iii ACKNOWLED GEMENTS .. v TABLE OF CON TENTS .. vi LIST OF ILLUST RATIONS viii ABSTRA CT .. i x CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1 Heritage and Archaeology .. 2 International Charters 7 20 th Century Archaeolo gy in the Americas 10 7$50%2 !H%8-)0$*$3'!)25!H:1-021"8"1'+!R041$%)1"$2+! )25 7"4%09%04021)1"$2 !SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS6!TU J$41 K J%$8044:)*!H%8-)0$*$3'!) 25!.210%9%01)1"$2!SSSSSSSSS66!VT CHAPTER II: ZACULEU, A CASE STUDY .. 24 D-0!N2"105!#%:"1!F$&9)2'W!H!<0*9"23!<)25+!)!<:%1"23!<)25 !SSS!VX J%$A081!B$)*4!SS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS66!YT Theoretical Background and Infl uences 33 Critical Evaluation 39 CHAPTER III: THE GAP BETW EEN THEORY AND PRACTICE .. 49 .21%$5:81"$2W!P)8;3%$:25!)25!701-$5$*$3' SSSSSSSSSSSS66 !Z[

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PAGE 25

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PAGE 27

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PAGE 30

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! J@ &+:1/*&')$0!:7!'112+'&#!)+!0$/*,$')*,5!)#$!'112+12*')$!'112+'&#!)+!&+,.$2(*,5! ',0!2$.)+2*,5!',!'2&#'$+/+5*&'/!.*)$-!'.!2$3/$&)$0!*,!9#'1)$2!B !',0!F8 "#$!N'2'!c+&4:$,)!$33$&)*($/7!02$;!*,)$2,')*+,'/!'))$,)*+,!)+!)#$! &+,&$1)!+3! Tj2+52$..*($!'4)#$,)*&*)*$.U d +2!T/'7$2$0!'4)#$,)*&*)7![Z)#$\! .4&&$..*($!'0'1)')*+,.!+3!#*.)+2*&!1/'&$.!+($2!)*:$U d ',0!'4)#$,)*&*)7!+3! )2'0*)*+, d +2!*,)',5*6/$!#$2*)'5$-!?]$ 2+:$!JLLS =! FC 8!! !j2+52$..*($!'4)#$,)*&*)7! .411+2)$0!)#$!1+.*)*+,!)#')!64*/0*,5.!',0!:+,4:$,).!;$2$!T/*(*,5!$,)*)[*$.\!)#')! #'[($\!$(+/($0!+($2!)*:$-!',0!)#')!)#$!64*/0*,5![+2!:+,4:$,)\!*.!)#$! :',*3$.)')*+,!+3!)#')!#*.)+27U!? JLLS=! EC 8!! !j2$.$2(')*+,!142*.). !+11+.$!)#$!*0$'!+3! '!p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! JJ :+,4:$,)-!/',0.&'1$-!',0!.422+4,0*,5!&+::4,*)*$. 8!! "+42*.)!+3)$,!:$',0$2! )#2+45#!)#$!1'2H!'.H*,5!$'&#!+)#$2=!TG#')!*.!)#')lU!+2!TI!;+,0$2!;#')!)#$ 7!4.$0! )#*.!3+2lU!+2!T G #7!*.!+,/7!1'2)!+3!)#*.!64*/0*,5!,*&$!',0!12$))7-!',0!)#$!+)#$2!.*0$! *.!3'//*,5!'1'2)l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b+2!)#*.!2$'.+,-! *,!)#$!&+,&/40*,5!&#'1)$2!+3!)#*.!)#$.*.-! I!0$&*0$0!)+! *,&/40$!'!0*.&4..*+,!+3!b2$$:',!"*/0$,O.!;+2H!'.!$%12$..$0!67!Y'26'2'!]8!i *))/$!*,! #$2!0*.&4..*+,!+3!)#$!*,)$2.$&)*+,!6$);$$,!)#$!`8_8!N')*+,'/!j'2H.!_$2(*&$!',0!)#$! *,)$212$)')*+,!+3!'2&#'$+/+578!!I,)$212$)')*+,!+3!'2&#'$+/+57!*.!+,$!+3!)#$!:+.)! $33$&)*($!;'7.!)+!62*05$!)#$!5'6!6$);$$,!'&'0$:*&!*,)$2$.)!',0!146/*&!6$,$3*).8!! i* ))/$!0$.&2*6$.!#+;!b2$$:',!"*/0$,O.!;+2H-! @0%"#-#"%$0'*A?#*!"#$%&'" -!146/*.#$0! *,!@AMe-!*,3/4$,&$0!*,)$212$)*($!;+2H!*,!`8_8!!N')*+,'/!j'2H.-!',0!&+4/0!6$!.$$,!'.! )#$!',.;$2!3+2!)'H*,5!6+)#!3'&).!',0!*,($.)$0!*,)$2$.).-!',0!62*,5*,5!)#$:!6+)#! 3+2;'20!*,)+! )#$!146/*&!$7$8 "#$!3+//+;*,5!&#'1)$2.!'002$..!)#$! &/'.#!6$);$$,!)#$!'&'0$:*&! 12$+ &41')*+,!;*)#!'!.)')*&!,+)*+,!+3!'4)#$,)*&*)7!',0!#*.)+2*&'/!'&&42'&7-!',0!)#$! &+,.)',)/7!$(+/(*,5!&+,&$1)!+3!#$2*)'5$-!;#*&#!&#'//$,5$.!)#$!'*:.-!0$3*,*)*+,.-!

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! JM "#$!3*2.)!1'2)!+3!)# *. !&#'1)$2!&+($2.!)#$!#*.)+2*&'/!6$5*,,*,5.!+3!)#$!`,*)$0! b24*)!9+:1',7!',0! #+;!*)!&':$!)+!6$!*,(+/($0!*,!)#$!1+/*)*&'/-!.+&*'/-!',0! $&+,+:*&!/',0.&'1$!+3!P4')$:'/'-!1'2)*&4/'2/7!042*,5!)#$!@AFL.!',0!@AML.8!!I! &+,,$&)!)#$!:+.)!*:1+2)',)!$($,).!+3!P4')$:'/',!#*.)+27!')!)#*.!)*:$!)+!)#$! 0$($/+1:$,)!',0!$%$&4)*+,!+3!)#$!K'&4/$4!12+<$ &)-!')) $:1)*,5!)+!2$&+,.)24&)!)#$ 2$/')*+,.#*1! 6$);$$,!)#$! `,*)$0!b24*)!9+:1',7! ',0 !P4')$:'/'8! "#$!&#'1)$2! )#$,! $%1/+2$ !)#$!)#$+2$)*&'/!*,3/4$,&$.!6$#*,0!)#$!1/',,*,5! +3!)#$!12+<$&)-!)#$!12+<$&)!5+'/.-!',0!)#$!3*,'/!2$.)+2$0!($2.*+,!+3!)#$!.*)$8!I! &2*)*a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`,*)$0!b24*)!9+:1',7!',0!&+,)2'0*&)+27!2+/$.!*)! 1/'7$0!*,!P4')$:'/',!#*.)+278!Y7!4,0$2.)',0*,5!)#$!#*.)+2*&'/!12+52$..*+,!+3!)#$! `,*)$0!b24*)!9+:1',7-!I!#+1$!)+!02';!1'2' //$/.!6$);$$,!)#$!#*.)+2*&'/!&/*:')$!')! )#$!)*:$!)#$!12+<$&)!;'.!&'22*$0!+4)!',0!)#$!:+)*(')*+,!6$#*,0!)#$!`,*)$0!b24*)! 9+:1',7O.!146/*&!.$2(*&$!12+<$&)8!I,!@AMF-!042*,5!)#$!_$&+,0!^$0!_&'2$-!)#$!

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PAGE 48

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PAGE 49

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PAGE 51

! F@ >2&#'$+/+5*.).!)+0'7!0+!,+)! 2$.)+2$!',!$,)*2$!.*)$!042*,5!)#$!&+42.$!+3!+,$! .)407R!*)!*.!5$,$2'//7!'&H,+;/$05$0!)#')!+,/7!1'2)!+3!'!.*)$!.#+4/0!6$!.)40*$0!',0! 2$&+,.)24&)$0!')!',7!+,$!)*:$8!b4)42$!0$($/+1:$,).!*,!'2&#'$+/+57!&+4/0! &+,)2*64)$!)+!'!6$))$2!.)407!+3!)#$!.*)$-!64)!,+)!+,& $!*)!#'.!6$$,!0$.)2+7$0!67! 12$(*+4.!.)40*$.8!>.!',!$%':1/$-!2'0*+&'26+,!0')*,5!;'.!,+)!0$($/+1$0!4,)*/! @AFA-!67!)#$!>:$2*&',!&#$:*.)!G*//'20!i*667!?^$,32$;!',0!Y'#,!JLLS=!@F@C8!>.! )#$!K'&4/$4!.)407!;'.!&+:1/$)$0!*,!@AFA-!2'0*+&'26+,!0')*,5!:')$2*'/.!;$2$!, +)! &+//$&)$0!042*,5!)#$!3*$/0;+2H8!c$.1*)$!)#$!3'&)!)#')!)#$!.*)$!2$1+2)!;'.!,+)! 146/*.#$0!4,)*/!@AMB-!2'0*+&'26+,!0')$.!;$2$!.)*//!,+)!&'22*$0!+4)!3+2!',7!+3!)#$! .'($0!'2)*3'&). 8! "#+45#!3$;!+25',*&!12+04&).!;$2$!3+4,0 d &#'22$0!:'))*,5! 32'5:$,).!',0!.#$20. d ',0!#'0!1'2)!+3!)#$!.*)$!2$:'*,$0!4,$%1/+2$0!4,)*/!.4&#! )$&#,*a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b*2.)-!:+.)!+3!)#$! 2$.+/4)*+,.!;$2$!$*)#$2!,+)!'11/*&'6/$!)+!)#$!K'&4/$4!12+<$& )!+2!;$2$!,+)! '002$..$0!67!)#$!'2&#'$+/+5*.).!+,!)#$!12+<$&)8!^$.+/4)*+,!@!2$/')$.!)+!)#$!

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! FJ &2$')*+,!+3!*,)$2,')*+,'/!+25',*W')*+,.!',0!'0(*.+27!/$($/.-!',!*..4$!)#')!0*0!,+)! *::$0*')$/7!'11/7!)+!)#$!2$.)+2')*+,!;+2H.!')!K'&4/$4R!*)!$,)'*/$0!'!:4/)* X ,')*+,'/ !$33+2)!2$a4*2*,5!&++20*,')*+,!+,!'!:4&#!/'25$2!.&'/$!)#',!)#$!K'&4/$4! 12+<$&)!2$a4*2$08!^$.+/4)*+,!E!&'//$0!3+2!&4.)+0*'/!12+)$&)*+,!+3!#*.)+2*&'/!.*)$.-! ;'.!,+)!$%1/*&*)/7!0*.&4..$0-!64)!'.!'!,')*+,'/!:+,4:$,)-!*).!12+)$&)*+,!:+.)! /*H$/7!3$//!+,!5+($2,:$ ,)!+25',*W')*+,.8!9+,.*0$2*,5!)#')!)#$!K'&4/$4!.*)$!;'.! .46<$&)!)+!*::$0*')$!2$.)+2')*+,!;+2H.-!^$.+/4)*+,!b+42-!;#*&#!&'//$0!3+2!)#$! 2$642*'/!+3!$%&'(')$0!.*)$.!T,+)!.46<$&)!)+!*::$0*')$!2$.)+2')*+,-U!0*0!,+)!'11/7! ')!'//!*,!)#*.!&'.$!?I9gVg_!@AAE'R!_$$!> 11$,0*%!>C8! "#$!.$&+,0!12+6/$:!*.!)#$!&+,)2'0*&)*+,!6$);$$,!)#$!12+<$&)! :$)#+0+/+5*$.!',0!);+!+3!)#$!9#'2)$2O.!2$.+/4)*+,.8!"#$!3*2.)!&+,3/*&)!'2*.$.!;*)#! ^$.+/4)*+,!";+-!;#*&#!.)')$.!)#')!2$.)+2')*+,!12+<$&).!.#+4/0!6$!.46<$&)!)+! T knowledgeable criticism to prevent mistakes" (ICOMOS 1996). However, the archaeologists did not report submitting their restoration plans to a third party for revision. Dimick informed the reader that Saturdays were spent in the office, where the archaeologists developed a syste m by which "[] notes, sketches, and descriptions were kept well in pace with progress in the field. [It] also provided time for quick check on field work, so necessary since final drawings were to be made in the United States" (Woodbury and Trik 1953: 4). Both the resolution and the project suffered from vague wording for neither specified who should provide the knowledgeable criticism or the final drawings for the site.

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! FB "#$!.$&+,0!&+,3/*&)!'2*.$.!;*)#!^$.+/4)*+,!e-!;#*&#!2$a4*2$.!)#')!)#$!'2$'! .422+4,0* ,5!)#$!.*)$!6$!.46<$&)!)+!12+)$&)*+,!32+:!0$.)24&)*+,8!G#*/$!+:*))*,5! ;#')!$..$,)*'//7!;+4/0!#'($!6$$,!'!.$))/$:$,)!1'))$2,!.)407!;'.!,+)!'!0*2$&)! (*+/')*+,!+3!)#$!.$($,)#!2$.+/4)*+,-!)#$!*,3+2:')*+,!*)!&+4/0!#'($!12+(*0$0!;'.! .)*//!$%&/40$0!32+:!)#$!146/* .#$0!'2&#'$+/+5*&'/!2$&+208!g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a4$.!',0!.#'1$0!)#$!1 2+<$&)!*,!+20$2!)+!3'&*/*)')$!2'1*0! 2$.)+2')*+,!',0!12$.$2(')*+,-!)#$!34//!2$.)+2')*+,!+3!)#$!.*)$!'.!.#+;,!67!)#$! 1#+)+52'1#.!*,0*&')$!)#')!'!:$'.42$!+3!&+,<$&)42$!',0!'112+%*:')*+,!#'0!)+!)'H$! 1/'&$!*,!+20$2!)+!62*,5!)#$!64*/0*,5.!41!)+!.4&#!'!#*5#!/$($/ !+3!2$.)+2')*+,8!?_$$! b*542$.!BC8!I,!'00*)*+,-!$($,!)#+45#!)#$!'2&#'$+/+5*.).!;2+)$!41!'!)#+2+45#! 2$1+2)!+,!)#$!0*33$2$,)!1#'.$.!+3!&+,.)24&)*+,!')!)#$!.*)$-!)#$!3*,'/!2$.)+2')*($! ;+2H!0+$.!,+)!'//+;!)#$!(*.*)+2!)+!'112$&*')$!'//!)#$!0*33$2$,)!/'7$2.!+3!#* .)+27! *:6$00$0!;*)#*,!$'&#!:+,4:$,)8!>$.)#$)*&'//7-!#+;$($2-!)#$!.*)$!2$'&#$.!'!

PAGE 54

! FF .$,.$!+3!&+:1/$)*+,!',0!'254'6/7!12$.$,).!'!:+2$!'&&42')$!2$12$.$,)')*+,!+3! ;#')!'!)71*&'/!V'7'!&$2$:+,*'/!&$,)$2!/++H$0!/*H$!042*,5!)#$!i')$!j+.)&/'..*&! j$2*+0!*,!)#$!#*5#/',0 .!+3!P4')$:'/'8! b*542$!F 8!^4*,.!')!K'&4/$4!'3)$2!2$.)+2')*+,8!j#+)+52'1#!67!i*+,$/!_)$*,8 Q+;$($2-!1*&)42$.!+3!)#$!$,0!2$.4/)!+3!)#$!2$.)+2')*+,!12+<$&)!')!K'&4/$4! '2$!<'22*,5!',0!'$.)#$)*&'//7!4,1/$'.*,5!)+!(*.*)+2.!?9#'1)$2!B!;*//!$%1',0!+,! ;#')!(*.* )+2.!;*.#!)+!.$$ C8!^+:',)*&*.).!.4&#!'.!V+/*,'!V+,)$.!;+4/0!.)2+,5/7! 0*.'52$$!;*)#!)#$!/$($/!+3!2$.)+2')*+,!&'22*$0!+4)!')!K'&4/$4!6$&'4.$!)#$!#*.)+2*&'/! '4)#$,)*&*)7!',0!'&&42'&7!+3!)#$!.*)$!#'.!6$$,!&+:12+:*.$0!67!2$.)+2')*+,! $33+2).8 !?_$$!b*542$.!F!',0! MC8

PAGE 55

! FM b*542$!F8! `,$%&'(')$0!_)24&)42$8! >!.)24&)42$!&+($2$0!*,!52'..!',0!0*2)-!6$3+2$! $%1/+2')+27!$%&'(')*+,.!)++H!1/'&$-!',0!)#$!4,0$2/7*,5!.)24&)42$!;'.!&+,.$2($0! ',0!2$.)+2$08!j#+)+52'1#!67!i*+,$/!_)$*,8! ! b*542$ !E 8! h%&'(')$0!_)24&)42$! '3)$2!&+,.$2(')*+,!',0!2$.)+2')*+,8!j#+)+52'1#!67! i*+,$/!_)$*,8

PAGE 56

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b*542$!BC!!>00*)*+,'//7-!

PAGE 57

! Fe )#$!)#$+2$)*&'/!4:62$//'!4,0$2!;#*&#!)#$!'2&#'$+/+5*.).!;+2H$0!&/+.$/7!2$3/$&).! )#$*2!&+,)$:1+2'27!&+,&$2,.8! >..$..*,5!)#$!2$.)+2')*+,!;+2H.!')!K'&4/$4!2$)2+.1$&)*($/7!*,!(*$;!+3!)#$! D$,*&$!9#'2) $2!',0!'//!.46.$a4$,)!*,)$2,')*+,'/!#$2*)'5$!&+,.$2(')*+,! '52$$:$,).-!)#$!'2&#'$+/+5*.).!:','5$0!)+!12$.$,)!)+42*.)!;*)#!,+)!+,/7!',!*0$'! +3!;#')!)#$!.*)$!/++H$0!/*H$!')!)#$!1$'H!+3!*).!.+&*'/!4.$-!64)!2$.)+2$0!)#$!64*/0*,5.! )+!.4&#!'!&+:1/$)$!0$52$$!)#')! )#$!)+42*.)!0+$.!,+)!,$$0!)+!*:'5*,$!:4&#!$/.$8! b2+:!)#$!1#+)+52'1#.!)'H$,!+3!)#$!2$.)+2$0!.*)$-!K'&4/$4!/++H.!+4)!+3!1/'&$!;*)#! *).!.422+4,0*,5!/',0.&'1$!',0!.+&*'/!&+,)$%)=!'!5#+.)!)+;,!)#')!;'.!34//7!2$.)+2$0! ;*)#+4)!)#$!*,14)!+3!)#$!0$.&$,0$,)!&+::4,*) *$.8! "#$!12+1$2!*0$,)*3*&')*+,!+3!0$.&$,0',)!&+::4,*)*$.!*.!&+:1/*&')$0!67! 5/+6'/*W')*+,!',0!)#$!*0$'!+3!)#$!2$'/*)7!+3!'!&+::+,!#$2*)'5$8!I,!)#$!&'.$!+3! K'&4/$4-!;#+!;+4/0!6$!)#$!0$.&$,0',)!&+::4,*)7l!i+&')$0!*,!)#$!,+2)#;$.)! #*5#/',0.-!K'&4/$4!;'.!'!.) 2+,5#+/0!3+2!)#$!V':!V'7'!*,!@MJM-!042*,5!)#$! _1',*.#!&+,a4$.)!+3!P4')$:'/'!?G++06427!',0!"2*H!@AMB=!@B X FC8!_#+4/0!)#$! V':!V'7'!/*(*,5!*,!',0!'2+4,0!Q4$#4$)$,',5+!6$!&+,.*0$2$0!)#$!0$.&$,0',)! &+::4,*)7l!c$.1*)$!)#$!3'&)!)#')!)#$!',&*$,)!V'7'!;$2$!,$($2!4,* )$0!4,0$2!+,$! /$'0$2!',0!2$:'*,$0!.$1'2')$!$,)*)*$.-!)#$!V'7'!+3!)+0'7!.$$!)#$:.$/($.!'.!+,$! 1$+1/$!*,!2$/')*+,!)+!)#$!5/+6'/!&+::4,*)78!b+//+;*,5!)#*.!/*,$!+3!'254:$,)-! .#+4/0!'//!)#$!V'7'!1$+1/$!6$!&+,.*0$2$0!)#$!0$.&$,0',)!&+::4,*)7l!b+2!)#$! 1421+.$.!+3 !)#*.!'254:$,)-!)#$!1+..*6*/*)*$.!&+,)*,4$!4,)*/!;$!2$'&#!)#$!5/+6'/! 0$.&$,0',)!&+::4,*)7-!G#+!+2!;#*&#!&+::4,*)7!.#+4/0!#'($!)#$!:+.)!*,14)!3+2!

PAGE 58

! FS &+,.$2(')*+,!',0!2$.)+2')*+,!;+2H.l!g,&$!)#')!*.!$.)'6/*.#$0-!'2&#'$+/+5*.).! :4.)!.+:$#+;!.42($7!)#')!&+::4,*)7 !*,!+20$2!)+!12$.$,)!)#$!'2&#'$+/+5*&'/!.*)$! '.!12+1$2/7!2$3/$&)*,5!&4/)42'/!#$2*)'5$!+3!*).!1$+1/$8!! "#*.!*0$'!*.!&+,)*,4$0!*,)+!9#'1)$2!B-!;#$2$!I!'))$:1)!)+!'002$..! &+,.$2(')*+,!',0!2$.)+2')*+,!*,!'!:+0$2,!1$2.1$&)*($-!;#$2$!.*:1/$! 12$.$2(')*+,!+3!:') $2*'/!2$:'*,.!*.!,+)!$,+45#R!/'7$2$0!:$',*,5.-!*,)',5*6/$! '.1$&).!+3!#$2*)'5$-!',0!)#$!'&&$..!+3!*,3+2:')*+,!3+2!)#$!146/*&!*.!,+)!'0$a4')$/7! '002$..$0!67!*,)$2,')*+,'/!&#'2)$2.8

PAGE 59

! FA !"#$%&'())) ( %"&(K#$(L&%P&&+(%"&,'H(#+-($'#!%)!& ( )52096?72195*(L37M409?56(356 (A/28969:94; ( "#*.!&#'1)$2!12$.$,).!)#$!*,3+2:')*+,!5')#$2$0!)#2+45#+4)!:7!2$.$'2&#! 1$2*+0!*,!P4')$:'/'-!*,!]',4'27!JL@L8!!c42*,5!)#')!:+,)#!I!*,)$2(*$;$0!.*%! 1$+1/$-!2$12$.$,)*,5!'!&2+.. X .$&)*+,!+3!1$+1/$!;*)#!',!$%12$..$0!*,)$2$.)!*,!)#$! &+4,)27O.!V'7'!#$ 2*)'5$8!I!12$.$,)!:7!3*,0*,5.!'.!'!,'22')*($!)#')!.4::'2*W$.!)#$! *,)$2(*$;.!67!#*5#/*5#)*,5!)#$!0*33$2$,)!',0!:4/)*1/$!(*$; X 1+*,).8!!I!4.$!:7! *,)$2(*$;.!'.!)#$!6'.*.!+3!:7!.$&+,0!&'.$!.)407-!&+:1+.$0!+3!);+!#$2*)'5$!.*)$.=! @C!)#$!'2&#'$+/+5*&'/!1'2H!+3!"*H '/-!*,!)#$!c$1'2):$,)!+3!j$)n,!)#')!6+20$2.! V$%*&+-!',0!JC!N'/.+!)#$.$!);+!.*)$.!*//4:*,')$!)#$!&+:1/*&')$0!&+,&$2,.!+3!'2&#'$+/+5*.).-! '2&#*)$&).-!',0!#*.)+2*',.!*,!*,)$2,')*+,'/!&#'2)$2.!)#')!'))$:1)!)+!12+)$&)!',0! 0$3*,$!.4&#!#$2*)'5$!)2$'.42$.8!!

PAGE 60

! ML V'1!@ 8!V'1!+3!P4')$:'/' 8! ? >0+1)$0! 3 2+:! 9I>!G+2/0!b'&)!Y++H !',0! :+0*3*$0C8 I!0*0!,+)!3*,0!'!1+/'2*W')*+,!6$);$$,!)#$!146/*&!',0!)#$!'&'0$:*& X 642$'4&2')*&-!,+2!0+!I!:$',!)+!*:1/7!)#')!)#$.$!'2$!)#$!+,/7!);+!1$2.1$&)*($.!+,! ',7!*..4$!2$5'20*,5!'2&#$+/+5*&'/!+2!#*.)+2*&!.*)$.8!!"#$!6'.*&!*0$,) *3*$2!*,!&4/)42$! *.!)#')!*)!*.!,$($2!.)')*&!',0!'/;'7.!&#',5$.8!!>.!&4/)42$!*.!*,#$2$,)!*,!)#$!*0$'!+3! #$2*)'5$-!.)2*&)!24/$.!;*//!a4*&H/7!6$&+:$!+4)0')$0!'.!.4&&$..*($!5$,$2')*+,.!

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! SL /'25$2!)24)#!)#')!/*$.!6$#*,0!',7!.)')$:$,)!+3!3'&)U-!',0!JC!TI,)$212$)')*+,!.#+4/0! &'1*)'/*W$!:$2$!&42*+.*)7!3+2!)#$!$,2*&#:$,)!+3!)#$!#4:',!:*,0!' ,0!.1*2*)U! ?"*/0$,!@Aee-!*,!i*))/$!JLLF=!JeMC "*/0$,O.!0$3*,*)*+,!+3!*,)$212$)')*+,!&/+.$/7!2$.$:6/$.!)#$!'*:.!+3!)#$! D$,*&$!',0!>)#$,.!9#'2)$2.-!',0!#*.!0$3*,*)*+,!'002$..$.!:',7!+3!)#$!4,0$2/7*,5! &+,&$2,.!+3!)#$!)+42*.)8!!>.!"*/0$,!0$.&2*6$.!(*.*)+2.!)+! N')*+,'/!j'2H.!'.! T1')#$)*&'//7!$'5$2!3+2!54*0',&$!)+;'20!)#$!/'25$2!'.1$&)!+3!)#*,5.!)#')!/$'0! )+;'20.!;*.0+:!',0!)+;'20!)#$!&+,.+/')*+,.!)#')!&+:$!32+:!'!.$,.$!+3!/*(*,5!*,! '!,')42'/!;+2/0!',0!'!#*.)+2*&!&+,)*,4*)7!)#')!T:'H$.!.$,.$UU!?"*/0$,!@Aee-!*,! i* ))/$!JLLF=!JeBC8!!"+42*.).!'2$!&42*+4.-!',0!*3!)#$7!'2$!.#$1#$20$0!',0!3$22*$0! 1'.)!:+,4:$,).!',0!64*/0*,5.!;*)#!6'2$/7!'!1'4.$-!)#$7!;*//!3+//+;8!!Q+;$($2-! )+42*.).!'/;'7.!'.H=!TG#')!;'.!)#')lU-!TG#')!;'.!*)!4.$0!3+2lU-!TI.!)#')!;#')!*)! /++H$0!/*H$!6'&H!* ,!)#$!0'7lU!!I,)$212$)')*+,!'002$..$.!)#$.$!a4$.)*+,.!67!54*0*,5! )+42*.).!)#2+45#!'2&#'$+/+5*&'/!.*)$.-!425*,5!)#$:!)+!*,)$2'&)!;*)#!#*.)+2*&'/!3'&).! +,!'!:+2$!1$2.+,'/!/$($/=!*).!'*:!*.!)+!T12$.$,)!)#$!'!;#+/$!2')#$2!)#',!'!1'2)U! ',0!:4.)!T.+:$#+;!2$/')$! ;#')!*.!6$*,5!0*.1/'7$0!+2!0$.&2*6$0!)+!.+:$)#*,5! ;*)#*,!)#$!1$2.+,'/*)7!+2!$%1$2*$,&$!+3!)#$!(*.*)+2![+2!)#$!$/.$!)#$!(*.*)+2O.! $%1$2*$,&$\!;*//!6$!.)$2*/$U!?"*/0$,!@Aee-!*,!i*))/$!JLLF=!JeMC8!!"*/0$,!5+$.!$($,! 342)#$2!)+!*0$,)*37!3*($!)71$.!+3!(*.*)+2.!' ,0!)#$*2!T2$/')*+,.#*1!6$);$$,!)',5*6/$! 2$.+42&$.!',0!)#$*2!*,)',5*6/$!',0!4,*($2.'/!('/4$.U= @C ^$&2$')*+,rT)2+1#7!#4,)*,5U JC N+.)'/5*'r2$345$r*.+/')*+,

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! S@ BC I,3+2:')*+,rH,+;/$05$ FC 9+,,$&)*+,.r/*,H'5$. MC _)$;'20.#*1r1')2+,. ?"*/0$,!!@Aee-!*,!i*))/$!JLLF=!Je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! SJ '2$!'//+;$0!)+!$:1/+78!I!a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gVg_!@AAE6R!_$$! >11$,0*%!Y-!*)'/*&.!:*,$C-!*)!0+$.!,+)!2$'//7!'002$..!)#$!/'25$2!*..4$.!+3!146/*&! '&&$..8!!Y$7+,0!2$&+::$,0*,5!)#$!146/*&')*+,!+3!)#$!2$1+2)-!)#$!D$,*&$!9#'2)$2! :'H$.!,+!342)#$2!'))$:1).!)+!:'H$!*,3+2:')*+,!+,!&4/)42'/!#$2*)'5$! '('*/'6/$!)+!

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! SB ',!*,)$2$.)$0!1'2)78!!V7!+;,!'&&$..!)+!'2&#*('/!*,3+2:')*+,!;'.!0$/'7$0!67!)#$! 3'&)!)#')!I!0*0!,+)!#'($!+33*&*'/!$,0+2.$:$,).!67!:7!12+3$..+2.!',0!4,*($2.*)*$.-! &2$0*)*,5!:$!'.!'!('/*0!2$.$'2&#!;+2H$28!! >)!)#$!&'($!.*)$!+3!N'2&#'$+/+5*.).!&',!)#$,! *:1/$:$,)!)#$.$!0$&*.*+,.!)+!2$3/$&)!&422$,)!#$2*)'5$!&+,&$2,.8!!>6+($!'//-!

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! SF #+;$($2-!'2&#'$+/+5*.).!',0!)#$!146/*&!:4.)!'&&$1)!)#$!3'&)!)#')!)#$!/*3$ X &7&/$!+3!'! 64*/0*,5!*.!<4.)!'.!*:1+2)', )!'.!)#$!12$.$2(')*+,!+3!)#')!64*/0*,58!!>.!&4/)42$.! &#',5$-!)#$!:')$2*'/!+6<$&).!)#')!;$!:',*14/')$!&#',5$!',0!$(+/($!'.!;$//8!!g,$! 0'7-!)#$!1#7.*&'/!2$:'*,.!+3!#*.)+2*&!',0!'2&#'$+/+5*&'/!.*)$.!',0!:+,4:$,).-! ;#*&#!;$!0$'2/7!)2$'.42$-!;*//!0$)$2*+2')$!+4 )!+3!$%*.)$,&$R!)#$7!'2$! *:1$2:',$,)!.)24&)42$.!',0!.1'&$.!)#')!2$3/$&)!)#$!$($2 X &#',5*,5!*0$,)*)7!+3!'! 1'2)*&4/'2!&4/)42$!',0!+3!#4:',*)7!*,!5$,$2'/8!!j$2:',$,)!12$.$2(')*+,!.#+4/0! ,+)!.41$2.$0$!)#$!&+,&$2,.!+3!)#$!12$.$,)-!2')#$2!)#$!);+!.#+4/0!;+2H!)+! & +:1/*:$,)!$'&#!+)#$28!! "#$!:+.)!*:1+2)',)!a4$.)*+,!+,$!&',!'))$:1)!)+!',.;$2!*.=!!'2$! *,)$2,')*+,'/!&#'2)$2.!',0!'52$$:$,).!'*:$0!')!)#$!&+,.$2(')*+,!',0!2$.)+2')*+,! +3!'!.*)$!4.$34/!)+!'2&#'$+/+5*.).-!+2!0+$.!*)!#+:+5$,*W$!1'.)!',0!12$.$,)!&4/)42$.! 67!2$ a4*2*,5!.)',0'20*W')*+,!*,!)#$!2$12$.$,)')*+,!+3!*0$,)*)*$.!',0!#$2*)'5$l 9+,&$1)4'/*W$0!'.!;')�+5.!;*)#+4)!)$$)#-!*,)$2,')*+,'/!'52$$:$,).!'2$! $..$,)*'//7!.$).!+3!24/$.!)#')!&',!6$!*5,+2$0!')!)#$!0*.&2$)*+,!+3!$($27!,')*+,8!!g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! SM Q+;$($2-!I!6$/*$($!)#')!)#$!&2$')*+,!+3!*,)$2,' )*+,'/!&#'2)$2.!*.!,+)!'! :*.)'H$8!>2&#'$+/+5*.).!/$5*)*:*W$!)#$*2!;+2H!6'.$0!+,!)#$!&+::+,!0$.*2$!)+! 12$.$2($!#$2*)'5$-!',0!*,)$2,')*+,'/!2$&+5,*)*+,!+3!)#$!*:1+2)',&$!+3!'!#$2*)'5$! .*)$!#'.!+3)$,!6$$,!$,+45#!)+!2$.&4$!.*)$.!',0!:+,4:$,).!32+:!0$.)24&)*+,8 `Nh_9g!G+2/0!Q$2*)'5$!9$,)$2!12+(*0$!)#$!i*.)!+3!G+2/0!Q$2*)'5$!*,!c',5$2-! .*)$.!;#*&#!'2$!&422$,)/7!*,!0',5$2!+3!0$.)24&)*+,!67!,')42'/!+2!',)#2+1+5$,*&! :$',.8!b+2!$%':1/$-!'3)$2!)#$!&2$')*+,!+3!)#$!>.;',!Q*5#!c':!*,!@AMF-!)#$!24*,.! +3!>64!_*:6$/-!',&*$, )!N46*',!:+,4:$,).!;#*&#!'2$!,+;!3':+4./7!2$:$:6$2$0! 3+2!)#$!2')#$2!02':')*&!:$'.42$.!4,0$2)'H$,!)+!.$&42$!)#$*2!.'3$)7!?`Nh_9g! G+2/0!Q$2*)'5$!9$,)$2!JL@LC8!"#$!<+*,)!2$a4$.)!67!_40',$.$!',0!h571)*',! 5+($2,:$,).!)+!`Nh_9gO.!c*2$&)+2 X P$,$2'/!*,!@AEL!2$.4/)$ 0!*,!)#$!&2$')*+,!+3! )#$!9':1'*5,!)+!^$.&4$!N46*',!2$:'*,.-!/'4,&#*,5!*,)$2,')*+,'/!.411+2)! ?`Nh_9g!G+2/0!Q$2*)'5$!9$,)$2!JL@LC8 I,)$2,')*+,'/!&#'2)$2.!&/$'2/7!#'($!1+.*)*($!',0!,$5')*($!'.1$&).8! Q+;$($2-!)#$!3*$/0!+3!#$2*)'5$!&+,.$2(')*+,!*.!'/2$'07!.#*3) *,5!32+:!:')$2*'/!',0! )',5*6/$!&+,&$2,.!*,!12$.$2(')*+,-!)+!)#$!&+,&$2,!+3!12+1$2!12$.$,)')*+,!+3!6+)#! :')$2*'/!',0!*,)',5*6/$!*,3+2:')*+,8!b4)42$!2$.$'2&#!.#+4/0!3+&4.!+,! *,)$2(*$;*,5!'!/'25$2!.':1/$!+3!)+42*.).!*,!+20$2!)+!&+22+6+2')$!+2!0*.14)$!:7! 3*,0* ,5.8!>!52$')$2!$33+2)!.#+4/0!6$!1/'&$0!*,!*0$,)*37*,5!$&+,+:*&-!.+&*'/-! 1+/*)*&'/-!$)#*&'/-!',0!12'&)*&'/!$/$:$,).!)#')!3'&)+2!*,)+!)#$!&+,.$2(')*+,-! 2$.)+2')*+,-!',0!2$12$.$,)')*+,!+3!'!#$2*)'5$!.*)$8!>//+;*,5!$a4'/!'&&$..!)+! *,3+2:')*+,!',0!.*)$.!',0!*,& +21+2')*,5!)#$!146/*&!*,!)#$!12+&$..!+3!&+,.$2(')*+,-!

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! SE 2$.)+2')*+,-!',0!&2$')*+,!+3!'!:+2$!*,)$2'&)*($!#$2*)'5$!$%1$2*$,&$8!I!$,0!;*)#!'! a4+)$!32+:!Q8^8Q8!"#$!j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! Se APPENDIX A THE ATHENS CHARTER FOR THE RESTORATION OF HISTORIC MONUMENTS, 1931 Published by ICOMOS Adopted at the Fist International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments At the Congress in Athens the following seven main resolutions were made and called "Carta del Restauro": 1. International organizations for the Restoration on operation and advisory levels are to be established. 2. Proposed Restoration projects are t o be subject to knowledgeable criticism to prevent mistakes which will cause loss of character and historical value to the structures. 3. Problems of preservation of historic sites are to be solved by legislation at national level for all countries. 4. Excavated sites which are not subject to immediate restoration should be reburied for protection. 5. Modern techniques and materials may be used in restoration work. 6. Historical sites are to be given strict custodial protection. 7. Attention should be given to the protect ion of areas surrounding historical sites.

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! SS General Conclusions of the Athens Conference I. Doctrines. General Principles. The Conference heard the statement of the general principles and doctrines relating to the protection of monuments. Whatever may be the variety of concrete cases, each of which are open to a different solution, the Conference noted that there predominates in the different countries represented a general tendency to abandon restorations in toto and to avoid the attendant dangers by initiating a system of regular and permanent maintenance calculated to ensure the preservation of the buildings. When, as the result of decay or destruction, restoration appears to be indispensable, it recommends that the historic and artistic work of the past should be respected, without excluding the style of any given period. The Conference recommends that the occupation of buildings, which ensures the continuity of their life, should be maintained but that they should be used for a purpose w hich respects their historic or artistic character. II. Administrative and Legislative Measures Regarding Historical Monuments The Conference heard the statement of legislative measures devised to protect monuments of artistic, historic or scientific inte rest and belonging to the different countries. It unanimously approved the general tendency which, in this connection, recognises a certain right of the community in regard to private ownership.

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! SA It noted that the differences existing between these legislat ive measures were due to the difficulty of reconciling public law with the rights of individuals. Consequently, while approving the general tendency of these measures, the Conference is of opinion that they should be in keeping with local circumstances and with the trend of public opinion, so that the least possible opposition may be encountered, due allowance being made for the sacrifices which the owners of property may be called upon to make in the general interest. It recommends that the public authorit ies in each country be empowered to take conservatory measures in cases of emergency. It earnestly hopes that the International Museums Office will publish a repertory and a comparative table of the legislative measures in force in the different countries and that this information will be kept up to date. III. Aesthetic Enhancement of Ancient Monuments The Conference recommends that, in the construction of buildings, the character and external aspect of the cities in which they are to be erected should be respected, especially in the neighbourhood of ancient monuments, where the surroundings should be given special consideration. Even certain groupings and certain particularly picturesque perspective treatment should be preserved. A study should also be mad e of the ornamental vegetation most suited to certain monuments or groups of monuments from the point of view of preserving their ancient character. It specially recommends the suppression of all forms of publicity, of

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! AL the erection of unsightly telegraph p oles and the exclusion of all noisy factories and even of tall shafts in the neighbourhood of artistic and historic monuments. IV. Restoration of Monuments The experts heard various communications concerning the use of modern materials for the consolidati on of ancient monuments. They approved the judicious use of all the resources at the disposal of modern technique and more especially of reinforced concrete. They specified that this work of consolidation should whenever possible be concealed in order tha t the aspect and character of the restored monument may be preserved. They recommended their adoption more particularly in cases where their use makes it possible to avoid the dangers of dismantling and reinstating the portions to be preserved. V. The Dete rioration of Ancient Monuments The Conference noted that, in the conditions of present day life, monuments throughout the world were being threatened to an ever increasing degree by atmospheric agents. Apart from the customary precautions and the methods successfully applied in the preservation of monumental statuary in current practice, it was impossible, in view of the complexity of cases and with the knowledge at present available, to formulate any general rules. The Conference recommends:

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! A@ 1. That, in each country, the architects and curators of monuments should collaborate with specialists in the physical, chemical, and natural sciences with a view to determining the methods to be adopted in specific cases; 2. That the International Museums Office should keep itself informed of the work being done in each country in this field and that mention should be made thereof in the publications of the Office. With regard to the preservation of monumental sculpture, the Conference is of opinion that the removal of w orks of art from the surroundings for which they were designed is, in principle to be discouraged. It recommends, by way of precaution, the preservation of original models whenever these still exist or if this proves impossible, the taking of casts. VI. T he Technique of Conservation The Conference is gratified to note that the principles and technical considerations set forth in the different detailed communications are inspired by the same idea, namely: In the case of ruins, scrupulous conservation is n ecessary, and steps should be taken to reinstate any original fragments that may be recovered (anastylosis), whenever this is possible; the new materials used for this purpose should in all cases be recognisable. When the preservation of ruins brought to l ight in the course of excavations is found to be impossible, the Conference recommends that they be buried, accurate records being of course taken before filling in operations are undertaken.

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! AJ It should be unnecessary to mention that the technical work unde rtaken in connection with the excavation and preservation of ancient monuments calls for close collaboration between the archaeologist and the architect. With regard to other monuments, the experts unanimously agreed that, before any consolidation or parti al restoration is undertaken, a thorough analysis should be made of the defects and the nature of the decay of these monuments. They recognised that each case needed to be treated individually. VII. The Conservation of Monuments and International Collabora tion a) Technical and moral co operation. The Conference, convinced that the question of the conservation of the artistic and archaeological property of mankind is one that interests the community of the States, which are wardens of civilisation, Hopes th at the States, acting in the spirit of the Covenant of the League of Nations, will collaborate with each other on an ever increasing scale and in a more concrete manner with a view to furthering the preservation of artistic and historic monuments; Conside rs it highly desirable that qualified institutions and associations should, without in any manner whatsoever prejudicing international public law, be given an opportunity of manifesting their interest in the protection of works of art in which civilisation has been expressed to the highest degree and which would seem to be threatened with destruction;

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! AB Expresses the wish that requests to attain this end, submitted to the Intellectual Co operation Organisation of the League of Nations, be recommended to the earnest attention of the States. It will be for the International Committee on Intellectual Co operation, after an enquiry conducted by the International Museums Office and after having collected all relevant information, more particularly from the Nationa l Committee on Intellectual Co operation concerned, to express an opinion on the expediency of the steps to be taken and on the procedure to be followed in each individual case. The members of the Conference, after having visited in the course of their del iberations and during the study cruise which they were able to make on this occasion, a number of excavation sites and ancient Greek monuments, unanimously paid a tribute to the Greek Government, which, for many years past, has been itself responsible for extensive works and, at the same time, has accepted the collaboration of archaeologists and experts from every country. The members of the Conference there saw an example of activity which can but contribute to the realisation of the aims of intellectual co operation, the need for which manifested itself during their work. b) The role of education in the respect of monuments. The Conference, firmly convinced that the best guarantee in the matter of the preservation of monuments and works of art derives from the respect and attachment of the peoples themselves;

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! AF Considering that these feelings can very largely be promoted by appropriate action on the part of public authorities; Recommends that educators should urge children and young people to abstain from disfiguring monuments of every description and that they should teach them to take a greater and more general interest in the protection of these concrete testimonies of all ages of civilisation. c) Value of international documentation. The Conference expresses the wish that: 1. Each country, or the institutions created or recognised competent for this purpose, publish an inventory of ancient m onuments, with photographs and explanatory notes; 2. Each country constitute official records which shall contain all documents relating to its historic monuments; 3. Each country deposit copies of its publications on artistic and historic monuments with the Int ernational Museums Office; 4. The Office devote a portion of its publications to articles on the general processes and methods employed in the preservation of historic monuments; 5. The Office study the best means of utilising the information so centralised.

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! AM APPENDIX B : THE VENICE CHARTER 1964 INTERNATIONAL CHARTER FOR THE CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF MONUMENTS AND SITES Preamble Imbued with a message from the past, the historic monuments of generations of people remain to the present day as living witnesses of their age old traditions. People are becoming more and more conscious of the unity of human values and regard ancient monuments as a common heritage. The comm on responsibility to safeguard them for future generations is recognized. It is our duty to hand them on in the full richness of their authenticity. It is essential that the principles guiding the preservation and restoration of ancient buildings should be agreed and be laid down on an international basis, with each country being responsible for applying the plan within the framework of its own culture and traditions. By defining these basic principles for the first time, the Athens Charter of 1931 contribu ted towards the development of an extensive international movement which has assumed concrete form in national documents, in the work of ICOM and UNESCO and in the establishment by the latter of the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation an d the Restoration of Cultural Property. Increasing awareness and critical study have been brought to bear on problems which have continually become more complex and varied; now the time has come to examine the

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! AE Charter afresh in order to make a thorough stu dy of the principles involved and to enlarge its scope in a new document. Accordingly, the IInd International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments, which met in Venice from May 25th to 31st 1964, approved the following text: Definit ions ARTICLE 1. The concept of an historic monument embraces not only the single architectural work but also the urban or rural setting in which is found the evidence of a particular civilization, a significant development or an historic event. This applie s not only to great works of art but also to more modest works of the past which have acquired cultural significance with the passing of time. ARTICLE 2. The conservation and restoration of monuments must have recourse to all the sciences and techniques wh ich can contribute to the study and safeguarding of the architectural heritage. Aim ARTICLE 3. The intention in conserving and restoring monuments is to safeguard them no less as works of art than as historical evidence. C onservation ARTICLE 4. It is essential to the conservation of monuments that they be maintained on a permanent basis. ARTICLE 5. The conservation of monuments is always facilitated by making use of them for some socially useful purpose. Such use is therefore desirable but it mu st not

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! Ae change the lay out or decoration of the building. It is within these limits only that modifications demanded by a change of function should be envisaged and may be permitted. ARTICLE 6. The conservation of a monument implies preserving a setting whi ch is not out of scale. Wherever the traditional setting exists, it must be kept. No new construction, demolition or modification which would alter the relations of mass and color must be allowed. ARTICLE 7. A monument is inseparable from the history to wh ich it bears witness and from the setting in which it occurs. The moving of all or part of a monument cannot be allowed except where the safeguarding of that monument demands it or where it is justified by national or international interest of paramount im portance. ARTICLE 8. Items of sculpture, painting or decoration which form an integral part of a monument may only be removed from it if this is the sole means of ensuring their preservation. R estoration ARTICLE 9. The process of restoration is a highly sp ecialized operation. Its aim is to preserve and reveal the aesthetic and historic value of the monument and is based on respect for original material and authentic documents. It must stop at the point where conjecture begins, and in this case moreover any extra work which is indispensable must be distinct from the architectural composition and must bear a contemporary stamp. The restoration in any case must be preceded and followed by an archaeological and historical study of the monument.

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! AS ARTICLE 10. Where traditional techniques prove inadequate, the consolidation of a monument can be achieved by the use of any modem technique for conservation and construction, the efficacy of which has been shown by scientific data and proved by experience. ARTICLE 11. The valid contributions of all periods to the building of a monument must be respected, since unity of style is not the aim of a restoration. When a building includes the superimposed work of different periods, the revealing of the underlying state can on ly be justified in exceptional circumstances and when what is removed is of little interest and the material which is brought to light is of great historical, archaeological or aesthetic value, and its state of preservation good enough to justify the actio n. Evaluation of the importance of the elements involved and the decision as to what may be destroyed cannot rest solely on the individual in charge of the work. ARTICLE 12. Replacements of missing parts must integrate harmoniously with the whole, but at t he same time must be distinguishable from the original so that restoration does not falsify the artistic or historic evidence. ARTICLE 13. Additions cannot be allowed except in so far as they do not detract from the interesting parts of the building, its t raditional setting, the balance of its composition and its relation with its surroundings. H istoric Sites ARTICLE 14. The sites of monuments must be the object of special care in order to safeguard their integrity and ensure that they are cleared and prese nted in a seemly

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! AA manner. The work of conservation and restoration carried out in such places should be inspired by the principles set forth in the foregoing articles. Excavations ARTICLE 15. Excavations should be carried out in accordance with scientific s tandards and the recommendation defining international principles to be applied in the case of archaeological excavation adopted by UNESCO in 1956. Ruins must be maintained and measures necessary for the permanent conservation and protection of architectur al features and of objects discovered must be taken. Furthermore, every means must be taken to facilitate the understanding of the monument and to reveal it without ever distorting its meaning. All reconstruction work should however be ruled out a priori Only anastylosis, that is to say, the reassembling of existing but dismembered parts can be permitted. The material used for integration should always be recognizable and its use should be the least that will ensure the conservation of a monument and the reinstatement of its form. P ublication ARTICLE 16. In all works of preservation, restoration or excavation, there should always be precise documentation in the form of analytical and critical reports, illustrated with drawings and photographs. Every stage of the work of clearing, consolidation, rearrangement and integration, as well as technical and formal features identified during the course of the work, should be included. This record should be

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! @LL placed in the archives of a public institution and made ava ilable to research workers. It is recommended that the report should be published. The following persons took part in the work of the Committee for drafting the International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments: Piero Gazzola (Italy), Chairman Raymond Lemaire (Belgium), Reporter Jose Bassegoda Nonell (Spain) Luis Benavente (Portugal) Djurdje Boskovic (Yugoslavia) Hiroshi Daifuku (UNESCO) P.L de Vrieze (Netherlands) Harald Langberg (Demmark) Mario Matteucci (Italy) Jean Merlet (France) Carlos Flores Marini (Mexico) Roberto Pane (Italy) S.C.J. Pavel (Czechoslovakia) Paul Philippot (ICCROM) Victor Pimentel (Peru) Harold Plenderleith (ICCROM) Deoclecio Redig de Campos (Vatican) Jean Sonnier (France)

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! @L@ Francois Sorlin (France) Eustathios Stika s (Greece) Mrs. Gertrud Tripp (Austria) Jan Zachwatovicz (Poland) Mustafa S. Zbiss (Tunisia)

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! @LJ APPENDIX C THE NARA DOCUMENT ON AUTHENTICITY, 1994 Preamble 1. We, the experts assembled in Nara (Japan) wish to acknowledge the generous spirit and intellectual courage of the Japanese authorities in providing a timely forum in which we could challenge conventional thinking in the conservation field, and debate ways and means of broadening our horizons to bring greater respect for cultural and heritage diversity to conservation practice. 2. We also wish to acknowledge the value of the framework for discussion provided by the World Heritage Committee's desire to apply the test of authenticity in ways which acc ord full respect to the social and cultural values of all societies, in examining the outstanding universal value of cultural properties proposed for the World Heritage List. 3. The Nara Document on Authenticity is conceived in the spirit of the Charter of V enice, 1964, and builds on it and extends it in response to the expanding scope of cultural heritage concerns and interests in our contemporary world. 4. In a world that is increasingly subject to the forces of globalization and homogenization, and in a worl d in which the search for cultural identity is sometimes pursued through aggressive nationalism and the suppression of the cultures of minorities, the essential contribution made by the consideration of

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! @LB authenticity in conservation practice is to clarify a nd illuminate the collective memory of humanity. Cultural Diversity and Heritage Diversity 5. The diversity of cultures and heritage in our world is an irreplaceable source of spiritual and intellectual richness for all humankind. The protection and enhancem ent of cultural and heritage diversity in our world should be actively promoted as an essential aspect of human development. 6. Cultural heritage diversity exists in time and space, and demands respect for other cultures and all aspects of their belief syste ms. In cases where cultural values appear to be in conflict, respect for cultural diversity demands acknowledgment of the legitimacy of the cultural values of all parties. 7. All cultures and societies are rooted in the particular forms and means of tangible and intangible expression which constitute their heritage, and these should be respected. 8. It is important to underline a fundamental principle of UNESCO, to the effect that the cultural heritage of each is the cultural heritage of all. Responsibility for cultural heritage and the management of it belongs, in the first place, to the cultural community that has generated it, and subsequently to that which cares for it. However, in addition to these responsibilities, adherence to the international charters a nd conventions developed for conservation of cultural heritage also obliges consideration of the principles and responsibilities flowing from them. Balancing their own requirements with those of other

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! @LF cultural communities is, for each community, highly des irable, provided achieving this balance does not undermine their fundamental cultural values. Values and authenticity 9. Conservation of cultural heritage in all its forms and historical periods is rooted in the values attributed to the heritage. Our ability to understand these values depends, in part, on the degree to which information sources about these values may be understood as credible or truthful. Knowledge and understanding of these sources of information, in relation to original and subsequent chara cteristics of the cultural heritage, and their meaning, is a requisite basis for assessing all aspects of authenticity. 10. Authenticity, considered in this way and affirmed in the Charter of Venice, appears as the essential qualifying factor concerning value s. The understanding of authenticity plays a fundamental role in all scientific studies of the cultural heritage, in conservation and restoration planning, as well as within the inscription procedures used for the World Heritage Convention and other cultur al heritage inventories. 11. All judgements about values attributed to cultural properties as well as the credibility of related information sources may differ from culture to culture, and even within the same culture. It is thus not possible to base judgemen ts of values and authenticity within fixed criteria. On the contrary, the respect due to all cultures requires that heritage properties must considered and judged within the cultural contexts to which they belong.

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! @LM 12. Therefore, it is of the highest importanc e and urgency that, within each culture, recognition be accorded to the specific nature of its heritage values and the credibility and truthfulness of related information sources. 13. Depending on the nature of the cultural heritage, its cultural context, and its evolution through time, authenticity judgements may be linked to the worth of a great variety of sources of information. Aspects of the sources may include form and design, mat erials and substance, use and function, traditions and techniques, location and setting, and spirit and feeling, and other internal and external factors. The use of these sources permits elaboration of the specific artistic, historic, social, and scientifi c dimensions of the cultural heritage being examined. Appendix 1 Suggestions for follow up (proposed by H. Stovel) 1. Respect for cultural and heritage diversity requires conscious efforts to avoid imposing mechanistic formulae or standardized procedures in attempting to define or determine authenticity of particular monuments and sites. 2. Efforts to determine authenticity in a manner respectful of cultures and heritage diversity requires approaches which encourage cultures to develop analytical processes and tools specific to their nature and needs. Such approaches may have several aspects in common:

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! @LE o efforts to ensure assessment of authenticity involve multidisciplinary collaboration and the appropriate utilisation of all available expertise and knowledge; o efforts to ensure attributed values are truly representative of a culture and the diversity of its interests, in particular monuments and sites; o efforts to document clearly the particular nature of authenticity for monuments and sites as a practical guide to future treatment and monitoring; o efforts to update authenticity assessments in light of changing values and circumstances. 3. Particularly important are efforts to ensure that attributed values are respected, and that their determination included effor ts to build, ad far as possible, a multidisciplinary and community consensus concerning these values. 4. Approaches should also build on and facilitate international co operation among all those with an interest in conservation of cultural heritage, in order to improve global respect and understanding for the diverse expressions and values of each culture. 5. Continuation and extension of this dialogue to the various regions and cultures of the world is a prerequisite to increasing the practical value of consid eration of authenticity in the conservation of the common heritage of humankind..

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! @Le 6. Increasing awareness within the public of this fundamental dimension of heritage is an absolute necessity in order to arrive at concrete measures for safeguarding the vestig es of the past. This means developing greater understanding of the values represented by the cultural properties themselves, as well as respecting the role such monuments and sites play in contemporary society. Appendix II Definitions Conservation: all efforts designed to understand cultural heritage, know its history and meaning, ensure its material safeguard and, as required, its presentation, restoration and enhancement. (Cultural heritage is understood to include monuments, groups of buildings a nd sites of cultural value as defined in article one of the World Heritage Convention). Information sources: all material, written, oral and figurative sources which make it possible to know the nature, specifications, meaning and history of the cultural heritage. The Nara Document on Authenticity was drafted by the 45 participants at the Nara Conference on Authenticity in Relation to the World Heritage Convention, held at Nara, Japan, from 1 6 November 1994, at the invitation of

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! @LS the Agency for Cultura l Affairs (Government of Japan) and the Nara Prefecture. The Agency organized the Nara Conference in cooperation with UNESCO, ICCROM and ICOMOS. This final version of the Nara Document has been edited by the general rapporteurs of the Nara Conference, Mr. Raymond Lemaire and Mr. Herb Stovel.

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! @@M ^+;',-!f+2H$-!',0!`W*!Y'2':!?$0.8C JLLF 2*+J$,'&?!>$+',*?$1!D+(#*$3;3?9!*&0!,#$!)3&/84B,'3&!3=!,#$!F*/, 8! >/)':*2'!j2$..-! G'/,4)!92$$H8 ^|../$2-!V$&#)*/0 JLLS >11/7*,5!>4)#$,)*&*)7!)+!94/)42'/!i',0.&'1$.8! DF"!C8;;$,'& -!BA!?JrBC=!Fe X MJ8 _&#/$.*,5$2-!_)$1#$,-!',0!_)$1#$,!k*,W$2 1999 Bitter Fruit: The Story of the American Coup in Guatemala Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Stein, Lionel 2010 Photo graph of the Ruins of Zaculeu. [ http://www.io.com/~reuter/SteinPhoto.htm ] >&&$..$0!JL!V'7!JL@L8 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO ) JL@ L i*. )!+3!G+2/0!Q$2*)'5$!*,!c',5$28![#))1=rr;#&84,$.&+8+25r$,r0',5$2\8 >&&$..$0!e!>12*/!JL@L8 G*//$7-!P+20+,!^8-!',0!]$2$:7!>8!_'6/+33 @AeF D!>'/,3+9!3=! D4$+'(*& !D+(#*$3;3?9 8!"#':$.!',0!Q40.+,-!i+,0+,8 G++06427-!^*&#'20!Y8!',0!>402$7!_8!"2*H @AMB "#$!-8'&/!3=!T*(8;$8!U8*,$4*;* 8!!G*//*':!Y720!j2$..-!I,&8-!^*&#:+,0-! D*25*,*'8 f+4,n.-!_':*2 JLLS "#$!c+:*,',&$!+3!V+0$2,*.)!I0$+/+57!*,!)#$!9#'2)$2!+3!D$,*&$8!!!I,! "#$! %$&'($!)#*+,$+!-$.'/',$01!230$+&'/45!)3&/$+.*,'3&!*&0!"+*0','3&!'&! ,#$!67 /, !)$&,8+9 !?V'))#$;!Q'207!$08=!JF X BEC8!9':62*05$!_&#+/'2.! j46/*.#*,5-!9':62*05$8


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